Fire Management Practices

Fire Management Practices Introduction Fire is one of the biggest factors that determine management and development taking place in forests around the world. Evolution of certain forest ecosystems has been associated with frequent fires resulting from either human or natural causes while other ecosystems are impacted negatively by forest fires.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Fire Management Practices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cases of massive destruction of forests from fire are recorded every year leading to huge economic losses. The losses occur owing to the fact that livelihoods, timber, housing, environmental and other recreational facilities are destroyed . Most of the wildfires occurring in forests nowadays are caused by the wrong use of fire in transforming forests into useful agricultural land, sustaining grazing activities, hunting, preparing land for mineral extraction and establishment of industries among other use s. Land conflicts and negligence such as dropping cigarettes may also be another source of forest fires. Forest fires have been deemed as the single most channel through which great destruction of forests occur but it also serves as an important method of checking the health composition of certain ecosystems. The conventional perspective that fire is destructive and should be fought immediately leads to the view that it is in fact possible for fire to be used as a management tool in some acceptable ecological conditions. Background of Kuwait Oil Wells In February 1938, discoveries were made that the Burgan field in Kuwait was rich in oil. The desert part of Kuwait had been observing unusual black patches but it was not until investigations were done that it was discovered that great wealth lay underground. In 1921, the country was under the leadership of a visionary and resourceful leader in the name of Sheikh Ahmad who was to take the country through the difficult moments (KPC, 200 9). As the 1930s approached, there was a decline in trade and the new ruler together with the people of Kuwait were aware of the prospects of oil mining in other neighboring countries like Saudi Arabia. In 1932, the discovery of oil in Bahrain made Kuwait pregnant with expectations that the surface deposits indicated that there was underground supply of a commodity capable of boosting the economy of the country. In 1934, the ruler of Kuwait signed the Kuwait Oil Concession Agreement intended at increasing the wealth of Kuwait (KPC, 2009).Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Initial drilling of oil started in Bahrain but later recommendations were made to take the process to Burgan. Studies were conducted and drilling in this area was carried out in 1937 and 1938 which led to the discovery of oil. The quantity of oil in this region was high that it gushed out in such a manner that it could not be controlled. There was no adequate mud to block the hole that had been drilled and this necessitated the use of alternative methods to control the situation. In 1946, Sheikh Ahmad steered plans to start exporting oil to other countries. This elevated Kuwait and was ranked among the world famous oil producers. The same year saw the first shipment of oil from Kuwait, something that was highly celebrated. The year 1976 marked the onset of a new era when the oil industry in Kuwait was nationalized. Just as the rest of Arab countries that were producing oil, Kuwait started deliberating with its counterparts in a bid to gain full control over its oil resources. The state continued increasing its share in the biggest oil company in the country until it eventually gained full control. Kuwait signed an agreement with Gulf and British Petroleum according the country complete control over its oil resources (KPC, 2009) Classes of Fires With regard to the pr ocesses involved in putting off fires, they are normally classified into various classes. The different classes of fires are on the basis of the fuel that ignites the fire, a factor that further gives the criteria for choosing the most suitable agent to be used in extinguishing the fire. On the basis of the type of fuel that causes fire, there are four different types of fires. Fires Resulting from Ordinary Combustibles This class of fires is the most prevalent type occurring as a result of heating, ignition and subsequent combustion of organic materials, rubber, plastics and cloth. The fire goes on burning on condition that heat, oxygen, fuel and chemical reactions exist to sustain the process. This class of fire is considered un-harmful as long as it is used in uncontrolled circumstances. For example, a cap fire where the source of heat is a different fire or natural availability of oxygen and a link of the three chemical reactions. Since the fire is only limited to wood and there are no other flammable substances, it is not dangerous.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Fire Management Practices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, if a fire of this type is left to burn in an unrestricted environment, it can be dangerous since it can spread to other flammable substances causing it to be difficult to control. When its control becomes a problem then techniques of firefighting are essential. Containing and putting off fire in this class is relatively easy since it can be extinguished by simply cutting the supply of oxygen, heat, fuel or better still disrupting the chemical reaction that facilitates the process. The most elementary way of eliminating the heat is by spraying water to the burning substances. Oxygen supply to the fire can be removed using a fire extinguisher. Since this type of fire is the most common, it is important for firefighting departments to have equipment for fi ghting it in order to prevent damages (Melbourne University, 2004). Fires Resulting from Gases and Flammable Liquids This class of fires is caused by gases and liquids that are flammable and capable of undergoing combustion. Just like it has been mentioned in the case of class A fires, this class of fires require fuel, oxygen, heat and chemical reactions for burning to take place. The difference in the fuels that cause fires is that fires from this class are caused by liquids that are highly flammable such as gasoline and natural gas. Water should not be used to extinguish this type of fires since this has the impact of scattering the fire and making it possible to spread to other places. The fires in this category are extinguished by use of halon and dry chemical extinguishing agents. These agents make it difficult for the chemical reactions to go on hence depleting the fire (Hassam, 2011). Fires Resulting from Electrical Equipments This class of fires is of electrical natures whic h involve electrical equipment which have the potential of being energized. They occur in the event of short circuiting or when electrical cables become overloaded. These types of fires are very dangerous and cannot be extinguished by use of water since water itself is a good conductor of electricity hence has the potential of making the fire spread fast. These types of fires are extinguished by using extinguishing agents like Carbon dioxide, FM-200 and extinguishers that use dry powder of a chemical nature.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fires Caused By Metals This class of fires is caused by ignition of flammable metals such as lithium, sodium and potassium among others. The above mentioned metals ignite at once after their exposure in the air following a reaction with atmospheric oxygen. Among the metals, sodium is the most flammable and its exposure in the air produces sparks hence the safest way of storing it is dipping it in kerosene. Fire resulting from metals can be dangerous unless measures of control are taken immediately. Just like the electrical fires, using water to extinguish them can worsen the fire hence they require their unique extinguishing agents to put them off (Hassam, 2011). Traditional Methods of Extinguishing Oil Well Fires The first traditional method of fighting fire in oil wells is by spraying water on the fire. This method has one benefit in that it initiates a cooling effect on the burning oil. However, the method is not very effective when it comes to fighting oil well fires. Water and oil are immiscible and this ensures that the oil does not get wet hence the oil being heated is not adequately cooled. The second traditional method used in extinguishing oil well fires is the use of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide does not burn and its density is higher than that of air while it is in the gaseous form so it blankets the fire when sprayed. However, the methods used to deliver the carbon dioxide in oil wells are usually not effective. This is because the fire is in an oil well where pressurized combustible fluid normally facilitates the fire. The best way to extinguish this fire is to initiate a cooling effect in the surroundings and cutting the supply of oxygen till the fire is extinguished (CIAF, 2011). The third traditional method used in extinguishing oil well fires is the use of cold fire. This is a chemical associated with plants and once there is presence of heat, it undergoes endothermic reactions. It also surrounds the source of the fuel to ensure that there is no additional burning. Since oxygen, fuel and heat are the key components that cause fire, cold fire takes care of these three components. The traditional products used extinguish the fire by eliminating oxygen through smothering it in different ways. Some of the traditional methods are messy and usually cause blisters to the skin. For example, the halon extinguisher eliminates oxygen not only for the fire but also in the surroundings posing a danger to human life. The fourth traditional method used in extinguishing oil well fires is digging diverting wells and completely destroying the main well. This is a dangerous procedure since it puts the operators at grave danger and risks losing the well completely. This deprives the country of a gainful natural resource. It is also a risky method since poisonous gases and radiation pose a risk to the people putting off the fire (CIAF, 2011). Modern Methods of Extinguishing Oil Well Fires As a result of the recurrent fires in Kuwait oil w ells, it was discovered that the traditional methods that were being used to fight the fires were not sufficient. This crisis necessitated the adoption of new methods of extinguishing fires. Exploding the wells with Dynamite This method involves the use of a large pipe through a boom erected on a bulldozer to exactly locate where the well is in order to conduct accurate inspection. After doing this, a drum containing dynamite is suspended at the end of the boom to a bulldozer sprayed with water and then positioned well. The burning well is then sprayed with water with the intention of reducing the temperature. The bulldozer which is fitted with a galvanized iron shed and a tiny hole for the driver to peep through is then moved towards the source. Dynamite earlier deposited at the source is exploded followed by detonation of the charge. Explosion of dynamite consumes all the available oxygen hence putting off the fires. This method of extinguishing oil well fires is similar to the tr aditional method of cold fire which also eliminates oxygen hence putting off the fire (Husain, 1995). Raising the Plume Raising the plume is another modern method used to extinguish fire in oil wells in Kuwait. This method involves using a metal casing of between 30 and 40 feet high which is erected above the blown head making the flame to rise above the ground. This is followed by a constant pumping of water or liquid nitrogen in the casing hence depleting the fire of oxygen supply. The result of this process is the putting off the fire completely. In some cases, wet jet was used to replace the liquid nitrogen. Directing Water Jets on Water Heads This is another modern method used to extinguish oil well fires by directing water stream jet towards the source from a safe distance. Various methods are used prominently among them being the big wind method used in Hungary which extinguished the fire within 30-40 seconds. The other conventional methods took a bit longer in jetting the wa ter to extinguish the fire with temperatures ranging 300 to 400 degrees piling up in the area around the wells. Accomplishing New Oil Well Extinguishing Methods and their Impact The new methods of extinguishing oil well fires were accomplished through various ways. For instance, use of dynamite was accomplished by heaping dynamite at the source of the wells then blowing it off. This had the impact of depleting all the available oxygen hence extinguishing the fire. Raising the plume had the effect of elevating the flames high above the ground such that the flames could not destroy the wells. In accomplishing these new methods, specialists and people with expertise in the fields were used to ensure to ensure the effectiveness of the methods. Finances were also mobilized to meet the high costs involved in the shift from traditional methods into these modern methods (Husain, 1995). The new methods had a great impact on traditional methods of fire management. Some of the traditional meth ods that were in place had been described as being ineffective in extinguishing oil well fires. This problem was solved by the new methods. The new methods also eliminated the risks such as contact with poisonous materials associated with traditional fire fighting methods. Environmental Influence of Gulf War and Oil Fire The gulf war and oil fire led to numerous environmental influences in the affected areas. There was no clean up in the entire area affected by the oil fires hence sediments of oil remained long after the oil fires had been stopped. Another influence on the environment is that the salt marshes are still present in areas that were affected by the oil fires. The mangroves and the rocky shores are the only features that have recovered from the aftermath of the oil fires (CIAF, 2011). One of the human influences of the gulf war and the oil fires is the air pollution caused. The black smoke from burning oil fuels obscured the sun causing people not to see well. This smoke carries with itself dangerous air pollutants that are harmful to human beings. The gulf war and oil fires also had a human influence of making difficult the living conditions of many people. This is because oil is an important economic commodity for Kuwait and its destruction had significant economic implications. The war also led to deterioration of the countries’ economy making the lives of the people difficult. Conclusion Fires can be detrimental in that they cause great losses both to individuals and countries. Whether they are oil well fires or other forms of fires, it is crucial to come up with and implement excellent ways of fire management to avert the losses caused. Quick responses in cases of fire outbreaks should be implemented to ensure that whenever fires break they do not spread so easily to other places. Oil wells should also be designed in such a way that it is not easy for them to catch fire. The design should also be in such a way that the wells can be acce ssed easily once there are fire outbreaks. Governments should also come up with policies that restrict some of the practices that may lead to fires. Implementing these strategies will ensure that fires that often have negative implications are reduced. Reference List CIAF. (2011). Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills. New York: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Hassam. (2011). Classes Of Fire. Web. Husain, T. (1995). Kuwaiti oil fires: regional environmental perspectives. London: Elisivier. KPC. (2009). Kuwait Oil History. Web. MelbourneUniversity. (2004). Classes of Fires. Web. NHM. (2011). Forest Fires. Web.

Colorado Plateau Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Colorado Plateau - Essay Example Colorado plateau covers an area of 140,000 square miles and it extends in four states of USA i.e. Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico. River Colorado drains this area. It is unique as it has very less vegetation cover so whole rock strata are exposed as a rare example. Another interesting fact is that Colorado Squawfish is nearly six feet in length. Before I started reading this book, I had all this prior knowledge about Colorado topography and Geology, but never in my life had I paid attention towards the social life fabric in Colorado. The book thus linked my knowledge of Geography and Geology to sociology and the study of culture and history of this region. The experience of reading this book differs a bit from the reality. In the present day Colorado, in comparison, a lot of the things have changed. The way of living of people from Colorado has changed a lot over the passage of last few decades. The book mentions the era of late 19th century when America as a whole and Colorado region in particular was dependent upon primary economic activities. When I looked it up on the internet to find some interesting pictures of the region, I realized that life has changed a lot in this region by now. The beauty of Colorado plateau has always attracted me. Having a natural love for nature and especially of the rugged look and interesting Geology of this region, the book attracted me a lot. It is a land of exceptional wild beauty. High relief and less vegetation cover due to arid climate is the prominent feature of this area. Most of the rock structure of Colorado plateau is made up of sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks are mostly formed under sea water. It means that Colorado plateau was formed due to upliftment about 15 million years ago. Weathering by wind and erosion by fast moving water has resulted in the distinctive topography of this plateau. With my interest in Geology and topography of the

The importance of time management in organizations Essay

The importance of time management in organizations - Essay Example Major, Klein and Ehrhart (2002); Jackson and Martin (1996); Teuchmann, Totterdell and Parker (1999) have studied in detail the stress borne by managers and employees of an organisation to deliver on time in the midst of an acute time-crisis. Adding on to these, Palmer and Schoorman (1999) have identified that the shortage of time in organisations result in employees performing multiple activities simultaneously. A number of studies on this subject have stated that time is an important factor to consider while formulating organisational behaviour models as it greatly affects an organisation’s business, operations and human resource (Wright, 2002; Ancona, Goodman, Lawrence and Tushman, 2001; George and Jones, 2000). As a corollary to their research, Macan (1994) studied the means employees of a company resort to for time management and also recommended several ways in which such initiatives can be bettered and integrated into a holistic effort. The shortage of time As per data c ollected from 557 managers of various companies as part of a recent survey by McKinsey & Company, only 124 respondents stated that they are content with the way their time is assigned to different tasks; against a contrasting 433 respondents who stated that they were discontent. These 500 respondents were categorised into 4 groups: 1. Managers who spend most of their time at their desk and cannot find time to provide support and motivation to their subordinates on a personal basis. 2. Managers who mostly spend most of their time away from their desk and cannot find time to attend important meetings or sit down and formulate corporate strategies. 3. Managers who spent most of their time with their subordinates and cannot find time to interact with the stakeholders of the company. 4. Managers who are actively involved in responding to sudden challenges and crises within the organisation, and cannot find time to take part in long-term strategy formulations. The study indicates that man agers are increasingly feeling the heat of performing too many tasks in too little time. Most of them feel that their work hours are not sufficient to cater to all their responsibilities. Some of the reasons for lack of time may be identified as the constant need to communicate with multiple stakeholders on every little work progress; the added burdens of globalisation such as, different time zones and more complex organisational hierarchies; and the over-aggressiveness of companies in the midst of a global financial crisis. The consequences of such shortage of time also flow down to the end employees who are led by the managers. This often leads to unorganised, non-synchronous activities within an organisation. Although companies consider lack of time as a personal problem of employees and not of their concern, its impacts are far-reaching and are directly associated with a company’s working principles and performance. The study clearly shows that time is not considered duri ng formulating corporate strategies and assigning roles and responsibilities. Most companies perceive time as an infinite resource that constantly flows in, but the fact is that just like money, the time-related capabilities of a company are also limited. Time is essential to plan, track and manage

An Examination of General and Specific Motivational Mechanisms Essay Example for Free

An Examination of General and Specific Motivational Mechanisms Essay Luc G. Pelletier and Stà ©phanie C. Dion’s report entitled An Examination of General and Specific Motivational Mechanisms for the Relations Between Body Dissatisfaction and Eating Behaviors aims to examine the relationship of body dissatisfaction with eating behaviors through a study of the different models of regulation of eating behaviors used by women. The study mainly uses the Self-Determination Theory (SDT) as a framework for examination of socio-cultural pressures and the `thin-ideal` as factors for body dissatisfaction and, in turn, body dissatisfaction as a cause of eating-related problems like binge eating, dietary restraint, and bulimia. Lastly, the study also looks at two different levels of motivation to explain the differences in the responses of women to socio-cultural pressures regarding body image, which lead to a difference in eating patterns. These two are the general self-determination or a sense of self-determination toward ones life and self-determination towards eating. Negative body image and its causes and effects have been the subject of many studies during the past decade. Due to its popularity as a topic for research, many of its findings are well-known and accepted by society at present. Among these are the role of media, peers, family, puberty and others in reinforcing the thin ideal, the relationship of women’s perceived discrepancies between their body ideal and body image with their satisfaction with their own body and the effect of negative body images to women’s eating habits. However, a review of the existing literature about body image reveals many interesting and sometimes unexpected findings. The first among these is the main basis of this study, which is self-determination. Deci and Ryan’s Self-Determination Theory shows that the level of women’s general self-determination in life may serve as a shield against the effect of the pressure exerted by society for women to be thin. This is interesting because this will show how body-image can be approached as a cyclical issue when joined with the findings on how positive body image can lead to confidence then to a positive self-determination. Second, body image may have an effect on many positive qualities such as attractiveness, success and intelligence. This shows attractiveness as more than just a fixed variable. It is not merely affected by the physical attributes one is born with, but also by how one feels about these physical attributes. Moreover, it emphasizes the gravity of the consequences that either a positive or negative body image may cause. Its affects can extend onto many non-physical aspects of a person’s life. In fact, another research shows that pressures from society to be thin can change individual core beliefs as regards the importance of physical appearance compared with other values. Another interesting finding is that body dissatisfaction may be addressed by either self-reinforcement or by aiming to change one’s appearance. People are more familiar with the second approach, which includes exercising and dieting. However, it is interesting to find that grooming and other forms of self-reinforcement are also used. While these forms of self-reinforcement may have been admitted to be used by people to enhance their self-image, it is not easily identifiable to have a direct correlation to body image. Moreover, this type approach shows a more positive and less destructive way of addressing issues on body image.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Seven hypotheses were tested in the research. They are stated in the article as follows. First, general self-determination will be negatively associated with both socio-cultural pressures about body image and the endorsement of society’s beliefs about thinness and obesity. Second, socio-cultural pressures should be positively linked to the endorsement of society’s beliefs, which, in turn, will positively predict body dissatisfaction. Third, although body dissatisfaction is expected to positively predict both an autonomous and a controlled form of regulation of eating behaviors, it should lead mainly to a controlled regulation of eating. Fourth, the autonomous form of regulation of eating will be positively associated with healthy eating behaviors, whereas the controlled form of regulation will be positively associated with dysfunctional eating behaviors. Fifth, general self-determination should be positively associated with the autonomous form of regulation and negatively associated with the controlled form of regulation. Sixth, the autonomous regulation of eating behaviors will be positively associated with healthy eating behaviors and negatively associated with bulimic symptoms, whereas the controlled regulation of eating behaviors will be positively associated with dysfunctional eating and negatively associated with healthy eating behaviors. Finally, healthy eating behaviors should positively predict psychological adjustment, whereas dysfunctional eating should negatively predict psychological adjustment. These hypotheses aim to test the relationship of general self-determination, body image, body dissatisfaction, forms of regulation of eating behaviors, eating habits and psychological adjustment among each other. Methodology The study was done on 447 female students, ages 16 to 54 from two universities—the University of Ottawa and the Carleton University. Of these students 78.2% are taking undergraduate degrees from the University of Ottawa, 20% are graduate students from the same university, while the remaining 1.2% are enrolled at Carleton University. The researchers adopted several scales and indexes to test its hypotheses. Enumerated in the study are the General Motivation Scale (GMS), Teasing Assessment Scale, Body Dissatisfaction Subscale (EDI-BD), Regulation of Eating Behaviors Scale (REBS), Healthy Eating Habits Scale, Dysfunctional Eating (BULIT-R), Psychological Adjustment Index (PAI), Depressed Mood Scale (CES-D), Self-Esteem Scale (SES) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). The tests are composed of statements and questions, which the respondents assess using a Likert scale with around five to seven points for rating. The scales are usually divided in several subscales with equal number of items based on the nature of the hypothesis being tested. They have been previously used in other studies and their reliability and validity have been tested. Results and Discussion The study was able to prove all six hypotheses. These hypotheses will be discussed in three groups. These groups are general self-determination and determinants of body dissatisfaction, general self-determination and forms of regulation of eating behaviors and consequences of the forms of regulation of eating behaviors on psychological adjustment. The last group will be divided into the association of autonomous and controlled eating regulation to healthy and dysfunctional eating habits and the relationship of eating behaviors with psychological adjustment. The first discussion group pertains to the first and second hypotheses. Findings show that general self-determination has a positive association with autonomous regulation of eating behaviors, while it has a negative association with controlled regulation of eating. In relation to this, general self-determination has a negative relation with socio-cultural pressures about body image and the endorsement of society’s beliefs about thinness and obesity. On the contrary, socio-cultural pressures about body image and endorsement of society’s beliefs about thinness and obesity have a positive association, while the latter is positively associated with body dissatisfaction. The cause for this result was explained to be that the more women perceived socio-cultural pressures about body image, the more they internalized societal beliefs about thinness and obesity, which causes them to have body dissatisfaction. However, general self-determination allows them to be more motivated to act according to their own values, rather than be pressured socio-cultural messages of thinness. People with general self-determination are more likely to measure self-worth based on personal growth, meaningful relationships and other intrinsic values, rather than by using extrinsic values such as physical attractiveness. The second discussion group relates to the third and fifth hypotheses. It was found that both autonomous and controlled eating behaviors are good motivational mechanisms and have a positive association to body dissatisfaction. However, the association of controlled regulation, which is ÃŽ ² = .74 is stronger than autonomous regulation’s ÃŽ ² = .14. In addition to this, it was found that general self-determination in life caused them to be self-determined in the regulation of their eating behaviors, which is a specific life domain. The third discussion groups relates to the fourth, fifth and sixth hypotheses. As for the fourth and sixth hypotheses, majority of women who are dissatisfied with their body image eat in a restrictive manner due to the motivation to reduce body dissatisfaction caused by internal pressures such as guilt or shame or external pressures such as media and parents about body image and the endorsement of beliefs about thinness and obesity. Controlled regulation has a positive association with dysfunctional eating behaviors and a negative associated with healthy eating behaviors. On the contrary, women with greater self-determination tend to have healthy eating habits because they have less probability of perceiving socio-cultural pressures about body image and internalize societal beliefs about thinness and obesity. Unlike its negative relation with dysfunctional eating behaviors, autonomous regulation has a positive relation to healthy eating behaviors. Lastly, as regards the last hypothesis, positive psychological adjustment are found have a positive connection with healthy eating behaviors. On the contrary, it has a negative relation with dysfunctional eating behaviors. The results of the study suggest that healthy eating behavior may be a necessary condition for global psychological adjustment. These findings may provide new approaches to understanding and treating body image-related issues and eating disorders. Having built the relationship between body dissatisfaction and eating disorders, specialists may focus on increasing self-esteem rather than emphasizing the evils of unhealthy eating habits. They may also begin looking at the motivational perspective introduced in the study and adapt treatment according to what motivates a woman to adopt weight control habits. Summary In summary, the results were interpreted to show that societal pressures and self-determination may be seen as competing factors that determine body dissatisfaction, with societal pressures as the cause for the endorsement of societal beliefs about obesity and thinness, while self-determination as the buffer against it. Both body dissatisfaction and self-determination have an effect on the kind of eating regulation a woman may adopt. This may result to either a healthy or dysfunctional eating habit among women. However, the authors offered an alternative explanation for the results. The explanation is actually a reverse of the second hypotheses. According to the authors, body dissatisfaction may have been the cause for women to endorse society’s belief, rather than the inverse, because such dissatisfaction may lead women to pay more attention socio-cultural pressures about body image.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Several other topics related to this area of research may be examined in the future. First, researchers can look at satisfaction or dissatisfaction caused by the body image formed relative to the body type of the person with whom a subject has constant contact with. Some people may feel less overweight when placed with obese people than when placed with thin people and vice versa. Second, researchers may delve into more deeply into other means women address body dissatisfaction such as exercise, and determine what factors cause women to choose a certain approach. This may also be related to general self-determination such that researchers may examine which between exercising or other means of addressing body dissatisfaction and dieting, or a combination of both, is used by women with different levels of self-determination. Lastly, the present study may also be replicated using different genders, attributes, and means of addressing body dissatisfaction. Very interesting results may arise from the study of gays and lesbians.

High Stakes :: essays research papers

High Stakes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Presently, America is experiencing a gambling boom. Everywhere you look there’s at least one advertisement involving gambling. Whether it’s a new Las Vegas hotel or a one-dollar scratcher, it seems to catch people’s eyes. Although it may look like a lot of glam and hype, there’s a dark side to the gambling industry, one people overlook the harsh consequences of. The gambling industry grasps a hold of everyone’s attention. Lotteries appeal to the low economic levels of society as a way to change their lives forever. One pull of the lever on a slot machine can make you an instant millionaire. On the flip side, there are those who gamble for excitement and entertainment reasons. They create a lifestyle of risk taking and chance, often ending up with making the wrong decisions. Most People like the thrill of sitting down in front of a slot machine and pulling the lever in hopes of winning a bundle. The opportunities are endless. So, what does the gambling tell us? A dollar and a dream, that’s all it takes. The gambling industry has grabbed a hold on our society. Roughly three quarters of all Americans gamble. Presently, 48 out of 50 states allow one or more forms of legalized gambling. Sure, the government is going to support gambling, but not without getting a healthy share of the profits. They use political smoke screening. What most Americans don’t know is that promotions and advertisements are producing such small amounts of proceeds that it yields very little funding to public projects. Politicians say that by legalizing gambling, we reduce illegal gambling and organized crime. What its actually doing is enlarging the pool of bettors. Even though casinos have created a number of jobs, the cost to society is greater than the benefits. People are arguing that the jobs created by casinos are low paying and offer little opportunity for the worker in progress. Furthermore, the creation of these casino jobs has taken away jobs from other areas of the economy. Restaurants near casinos are being forced out of business by the cheap buffets that casinos offer, to draw people in.

C P Snow and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Essay

The scientist and the literary intellectual represent two cultures that are drifting apart from each other to such an extent that each is becoming increasing ignorant of and alien to the other, and because they must represent a body of knowledge as a whole, the consequence is that, though specialization, both the scientist and the intellectual are becoming effectively ignorant. Analysis: Though C P Snow claims to be speaking from a common ground between the two cultures that he envisages, I would argue that he is squarely placed in the scientific camp, and is by no means an intellectual. The manner in which he describes the rift between the two cultures has a distinct whiff of â€Å"shallow optimism† about it, which is the intellectual trait of the scientist. He advocates a simple dialogue between the two camps, which is very much reminiscent of Enlightenment thinking, which, before the advent of modern science, maintained that scientific education was the key to overcoming all social ills, and dialogue is but a means to educate each other. Snow is right in thinking that the two camps had grown apart unawares, and that at one time the cultured man endeavored to keep abreast of knowledge as a whole. But a fundamental point seems to escape him, and that is that modern science entails specialization, and neither does he suspect that it could be the root of the problem. While he acknowledges the existence of specialization in science, he tries to make out that it need not be divisive. His advocacy is of a holistic understanding, and on the strength of this plea he wants to effect a negotiation between the two camps. â€Å"Don’t carry your specializations too far,† he seems to be saying to both the scientists and the intellectuals, â€Å"because both the arts and the sciences are important, and one is in danger of becoming ignorant if one loses complete touch with any one of them. † The propositional content of his plea is correct, but the mistake is to sound it on the platform of modern science, which is divisive in its fundamental aspect. If one is committed to the scientific outlook one must live with specialization. We can take his example about the literary intellectual knowing the second law of thermodynamics as a testing point. He thinks that literary intellectual should at least know this law, which is accepted among physicists as being fundamentally significant. The equivalent feat of for a physicist would be of having read a play by Shakespeare, he suggests. But concentrating on the first point, why should one know the second law of thermodynamics if one will never question its validity? Science functions by constant questioning, and no scientist is ever trained to carry absolute dictates about with him. A literary intellectual may come to it in two ways. He may absorb it as in inviolable dictate, in which case it would not be science at all. Or he may come to it with the proper outlook of the scientist, which is the questioning one. If on the second trajectory, he may either be captivated by the question, or he may deem it not worth his while. If he is captivated, and he remains honest to his intellectual proclivities, then he cannot but pursue the question further, to the detriment of usual literary occupation. But it is more likely that he deems it not worth his while, in which case he returns to the field in which he is proficient and interested. And in due course, through neglect, he forgets how to state the scientific principle at all. If the last is the most natural and likeliest outcome, there is little point in pushing the second law of thermodynamics to the literary man. He has arrived at the status quo of not knowing the law at all, because that is the most natural state of affairs for him. In his situation he has better things to occupy himself with. For Snow to suggest that he ought to know the second law smacks of the arrogance of science, which is an arrogance rooted in naive optimism. Then again, a scientist should only be expected to enjoy a performance of Shakespeare, but certainly not to analyze it. Literary understanding calls for a profound understanding of human nature, which is certainly not part of the equipment of the scientist, who is trained to detect only empirical evidence. To tell a scientist to analyze King Lear would only confuse him, and if he tried too hard it would blunt his scientific perception. Snow would be better advised to consider the underlying philosophy of science, rather than external practice of the separate disciplines. It is a tacit understanding among members of the scientific society (of which literary intellectual are a part) that each practice his own specialization. Only the fruits are to be enjoyed by all, and this is the true egalitarian dimension of atomized science. The notion of â€Å"progress† comes from the understanding that the fruits of specialization confer on all, and it is this notion of progress that binds all members of scientific society. In its original conception modern science was defined as an egalitarianism of knowledge, and apparent loss of this is what Snow is lamenting. But such egalitarianism has not disappeared; it has only become impractical for a single person to keep up with the expanding body of knowledge. But more important than knowledge sharing is the philosophy that underpins it, and this philosophy still unites the particle physicist and the Shakespeare man. In calling for a new, and strained, egalitarianism of knowledge, Snow is only betraying his naivete of the world, which is the characteristic naivete of the scientist daring to speak on the humanities. Works Cited Snow, Charles Percy. The Two Cultures. Ed. Stefan Collini. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

What Can t Be Changed During The 1900 S - 1349 Words

Alex Garcia Mr.Cooper English 11 30 December 2016 Trying to Change what Can t be Changed During the 1900’s, homosexuals were sent to mental institutions to â€Å"cure† them of what was thought to be a disease. There they underwent shock therapy, one of the many methods used in conversion therapy. In 1920 Sigmund Freud began the practice of changing a person s sexual orientation from homosexual to heterosexual. In the beginning homosexuality was also deemed as â€Å" a negative human characteristic caused by immaturity, pathology and family dynamic† (Scoolaid.net). Soon its popularity had scientists such as Eugen Steinach, Sandor Ferenczi as well as his daughter Anna Freud partake in the practice. If they were not sent to mental†¦show more content†¦In â€Å"refusal to identify with masculinity† , a gay male may also want to be â€Å"cured† due to the inability to bond with straight males. As stated by a client of Joseph Nicolosi â€Å" these monolithic macho things I couldn’t relate to†. Nicolosi and Freeman beli eved that due this inability a homosexual may feel â€Å"too superior or inferior to establish the mutuality necessary for friendship† (Healing Homosexuality). Having a platonic relationship with the same sex isn’t always easy due to the fears a heterosexual may have when they have a homosexual friend. The lack of same sex friends can allow for one to often feel isolated. Carl Charles, a survivor of conversion therapy, had his pastor say â€Å"you think Jesus wants you to be a dyke? You think Jesus died so you can march down the street with all your faggot friends?† (advocate.com) This so called â€Å"therapy† made Carl feel isolated: â€Å"I couldn’t tell my friends, and adults I thought I could trust† (advocate.com). Not only is isolation one of the effects of conversion therapy but an APA study done in 2009 concluded that â€Å" depression, guilt, helplessness, shame, social withdrawal, suicidality and self-blame† are risks taken when enacting in the therapy. The study also concluded that these â€Å"risks are even greater for youth. Minors whoShow MoreRelatedEssay on Intro to Human Services129 6 Words   |  6 Pagesservices from the early 1900s to the present day. 2 Throughout History Human Services made a big impact and a difference in our society as we know it today. Through the sociological era in the 1900s many were faced with challenges such as financial support for the poor and no support or guidance for the children, developmentally disabled and the mentally ill. Human Services make positive and lasting differences in peoples lives, and they help improve the world. The early 1900s, sometimes calledRead MoreAnalysis Of Ford s Assembly Line1556 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology can impact different denominations of religious affiliations. For example Muslim, Catholic, Christians, Judaism, and etc., can use and see technology differently. 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